Over at The Upshot this morning, Sendhil Mullainathan wrote a very soothing article on a very difficult topic, The Measuring Sticks of Racial Bias. The basic idea is one that readers around here should be well aware of: the racism that we need to worry about is not the overt racism of Cliven Bundy. It is the subconscious racism like what Jesse Jackson spoke about, “There is nothing more painful to me at this stage in my life than to walk down the street and hear footsteps and start thinking about robbery. Then look around and see somebody white and feel relieved…” It’s our gut reactions — far less conscious than even what Jackson is referring to — that maintain our inequality and our racial segregation.

I think that Mullainathan is too gentle in his conclusion, but he is exactly right:

Over the past many years, I’ve been obsessed with my own racist baggage. Even among the stuff that I’m aware of — like the Jackson quote above — I feel largely helpless. It does get better over time, but that’s just the stuff that I’ve noticed. I often think that I’m sitting on an infinite pile of racism. In his article, Mullainathan lists a number of different studies that have demonstrated subconscious racism. I’d like to believe that I’d do better, but I cannot say that I would.

The best know study was done by Mullainathan himself: resumes were sent out for job openings with randomized black (eg, Jamal) and white (eg, Brandon) names. Identical resumes with white names got interviews 50% more than those with black names. But the most disturbing study was this one:

You would think that doctors would be systematic about this kind of thing — almost like a computer: you enter the state of the patient and the treatment is spit back out. And I suspect that this is to a large extent true. This racial bias just shows how deep our racist tendencies lay and how powerfully they affect us.

At the same time, dealing with overt racism is difficult. On the one hand, it is repellent. I always wonder what is going on inside of people who are willing to say publicly, “I want to tell you one more thing I know about the negro” — and say that blacks sit around waiting for their welfare checks and how much better off they were as slaves. One thing is for certain: they aren’t losing any sleep about their subconscious racist tendencies. So I think these people should be lambasted because we don’t want to live in a society in which such vile thoughts are acceptable.

Just the same, outrage about such horrible behavior is usually a bad thing. There is a certain triumphalism as though the fact that we don’t have wisdom to impart “about the negro” means that our less public racism isn’t a problem. Or, as I hear from conservatives, that it doesn’t even exist. And the problem isn’t just in the realm of racism. Remember when everyone got upset at Todd Akin for claiming the female body had ways to “shut that whole thing down” in cases of rape? But does that make Rand Paul — who believes in exactly the same policies — acceptable, just because he isn’t as stupid as Akin?

I will continue writing about the vile and stupid things people say — just as I write about movies and music and puppets. But the real thinking — the real work — about racism needs to be done on the inside. The fault, dear readers, is not in their words, but in ourselves.

There are big happenings in California. The state has started issuing driver’s licenses to undocumented residents. It is creating quite a stir. But this makes no sense to me. You see, I thought that California had been doing that for decades. I was kind of right. When I left California for Oregon back in 1990, the state did indeed issue driver’s licenses without people showing proof of citizenship. But that all ended in 1993 when I was involved in solving huge systems of differential equations. It never occurred to me that the state would stop doing this. But like most people, I tend to mistake my liberal home in the Bay Area for the not-so liberal state of California. This is, after all, the state that in 2008 simultaneously voted in Obama as president and voted to deny same sex couples the right to marry.

Michael Hiltzik did us the favor of running down the history that I missed, California’s Huge Blow Against Stupidity About Immigrant Driver’s Licenses. This was during the early 1990s when Californians had a collective freak out about unauthorized residents in the state. Let’s be clear: it was flat out racism. Just as Reagan’s “welfare queen” was clearly a black woman, California’s “illegals” were Mexicans. And this issue was aggressively demagogued by one of the worst people in the world, Pete Wilson.

This all led to Proposition 187 in 1994 — a ballot initiative that deprived non-citizens from things like healthcare and education. It was a vile law and it won the state by almost 18 percentage points. And typically, the only place the bill failed was in the Bay Area (along with Yolo County, which is almost in the Bay Area). The law was found unconstitutional, but the fight against the evil brown people continued.

The “no driver’s licenses for illegals” law stayed in effect under Wilson. After Gray Davis became governor, he reversed the law in 2003 (in a cynical and unsuccessful ploy to appeal to the Latino community). But after Arnold Schwarzenegger got in the governor’s mansion, he reversed that (in a cynical and successful ploy to appeal to the white community). So for a little more than a decade, non-citizens have not been able to get driver’s licenses. So it is good that yet again we are allowing driver’s licenses regardless of legal residency status.

People have their reasons for being against providing these licenses. And the law addresses these reasons. But the truth is that not providing licenses to undocumented residents is really just about getting “those people.” A lot of people are upset about this development. But why? It isn’t that undocumented residents won’t drive without a license. This new law is a practical measure that makes us all safer and save us money. But I suspect that it is much like the death penalty, which is also hugely popular in the “liberal” state of California. It doesn’t matter that the death penalty doesn’t work as a deterrent. It doesn’t matter that it doesn’t make us safer. It doesn’t matter that it costs a lot more than the alternative. Practical concerns never matter when people are being ruled by fear and hate.

Thankfully, California has taken a step forward in terms of practical policy over the politics of division. We will see how long it lasts.