Can We Acknowledge Our Shared Humanity?

Palestinian Father with Dead Child

This image was posted on Google+ last night by Forever Palestine. I have no context for it. I assume it is a father kissing his dead daughter before he buries her. It is a heartbreaking image.

As anyone who reads this blog knows, I’m highly sympathetic toward the Palestinians. But I don’t particularly take sides in the Israel-Palestine conflict. It is a mess. I think lowly of the belligerents on both sides. But it is the Palestinians who are dying in such large numbers. And I don’t think that takes away from what Israeli civilians are going through. The random rocket fire does create terror, and for the people harmed or killed, it doesn’t matter what the numbers are.

But this image reminds me of Benjamin Netanyahu’s comment on CNN that Hamas “use telegenically dead Palestinians for their cause. They want the more dead, the better.” Undoubtedly, the corpses do have a PR value. But the statement is entirely typical of war propaganda: dehumanize the enemy. I think you can say that Hamas’ actions are shortsighted. (You can say the same thing about Israel’s actions.) But you can’t say that Hamas doesn’t love its children.

Another problem is that Americans tend to make assumptions about Hamas that are not valid. While the group does use terrorism as a tactic, the group is a lot more than that. Treating the group as a monolith is a mistake. Another false assumption is to equate Hamas with the people of Gaza. And blanket statements like Netanyahu’s only reinforce these false assumptions, which is probably why they are made.

Would it be so hard for us all to agree that all the peoples of the world value life? Or at least that we all love our children? This seems the very least we can do. But the dehumanization of the enemy is very important in allowing the killing to continue. And I don’t expect either side to acknowledge the humanity of the other any time soon. Meanwhile, the anguished man in the photograph is real. The child is dead. And regardless of PR or ideology or property right, this is wrong.

Ogden Nash

Ogden NashOn this day in 1902, the great poet Ogden Nash was born. In general, poetry is hard on readers. It takes greater concentration than we are used to giving. But Nash found an audience quickly because he was so clever and funny. His poems often included made up word puns and unusual pronunciations. He also worked as a librettist for a couple of Broadway musicals.

His father had an import-export business, so the family moved around a lot. He was born in New York, but chose to live almost his whole adult life in Baltimore. Of this fact, he wrote, “I could have loved New York had I not loved Balti-more.” Other that this clever line, I can’t really understand choosing to live in Baltimore. But I guess that was just one of the things that made Nash special.

Here is Nash’s response to Dorothy Parker’s, “Men seldom make passes / At girls who wear glasses.” He wrote:

A girl who is bespectacled
She may not get her nectacled
But safety pins and bassinets
Await the girl who fassinets.

And here is his poem (part of a series about animals), “The Panther”:

The panther is like a leopard,
Except it hasn’t been peppered.
Should you behold a panther crouch,
Prepare to say Ouch.
Better yet, if called by a panther,
Don’t anther.

It’s all very playful and fun stuff—well worth spending some time with. And here is one of his songs, “Speak Low” with music by Kurt Weill:

Happy birthday Ogden Nash!

Police Selective Leaks After Shooting Very Familiar

Michael BrownI’ve avoided talking too much about the murder of Michael Brown, because there really isn’t much to say. It is very much like school shootings: these are avoidable tragedies, but the power elite aren’t interested in doing anything about them. I did write an article about it last week, Michael Brown Murder Uncovers Deeply Flawed Local Policing. In that article, I compared Michael Brown to Andy Lopez, a young man in my home town who was killed by an officer who mistook his toy gun for a real one.

In the article, I noted that the officer shot Lopez seven times in six seconds. When the shooting was investigated, the authorities found that the officer acted appropriately. But here’s the key, “And if you check the internet about the killing, most of what you will see is that Lopez was high on cannabis, as though that has anything to do with the situation.”

So I was not surprised when I read in the Washington Post, County Investigation: Michael Brown Was Shot From the Front, Had Marijuana in His System. This has no obvious relevance to the shooting. Just like the release of video from a convenience store robbery, it is being used to tarnish Brown’s reputation—to throw doubt into the public discussion.

Note how callous this is. The unstated message is that Michael Brown was a bad kid (or might have been) and therefore it was justified to kill him. And for a large swath of America, their only real experience with cannabis is government propaganda that is one step up from Reefer Madness. For them, someone under the influence of the drug could have done anything. It’s like all those old scare stories about PCP. So suddenly Michael Brown was some wild man who could have broken out of handcuffs.

To make matters worse, the man who did the autopsy for Brown’s parents, Michael Baden was on Fox News speculating about the toxicology report that he hadn’t seen. The whole thing is very much the way that Fox News wants to push this. Greta Van Susteren asked, “Does the fact that they found marijuana, does that exclude the fact that there might be other drugs in his system or even that the marijuana was laced with anything?” We don’t even know that the cannabis levels indicate that he was high. It is possible that the drugs are from days or even weeks before.

This is all so predictable. It’s like they teach this in police training, “After you needlessly kill a young man, do everything you can to vilify him, even if you have to make stuff up. Then wait a few months, release a report that exonerates the officer. And hold a press conference about starting a dialog and the need for healing.” It is sickening in its premeditation. It is boring in its familiarity.

Why Republicans Will Nominate Rand Paul in 2016

Martin LongmanOver the weekend, Martin Longman (AKA: the handcuffed frog blogger) made an interesting observation, Why Presidential Horserace Pieces are Boring. I think what he really meant is that horse race pieces are stupid. And his reasoning is interesting: regardless of who the Republicans nominate, they will lose. I don’t agree with that logic. I’m a fundamentals kind of guy, and I think that as bad a candidate as Newt Gingrich could be elected president in 2016 if the economy crumbles in the months leading up to the election.

But I’m in agreement with Longman: I’m not very interested in presidential horse race articles. And that’s why I’m going to write one. Because I think I know who the Republicans are going to nominate for president in 2016: Rand Paul. But don’t worry, I haven’t lost all sense. I certainly don’t think that he will get the nomination because the Republicans have turned libertarian. Instead, he will get the nomination because he claims to be a libertarian without actually acting like it.

Rand PaulA big part of this is the fascination that Republicans have for the libertarian brand. And everyone knows that Rand Paul is a libertarian—whatever that might mean. When I was a libertarian, I hated what I saw as pretenders like Rand Paul. As it was, I didn’t vote for his father when he ran for president on the Libertarian Party ticket, and his father is a hell of a lot closer to an actual libertarian than Rand is. His reputation is based on his isolationist foreign policy ideas, lukewarm support of LGBT rights, and his kinda sorta support of cannabis legalization.

The problem for Rand Paul is that the things that make him the new poster boy of libertarianism are things that the base of the Republican Party hates. But this is a minor problem for Paul. As each day goes by, we find him pushing himself further and further away from any libertarian positions into a nice comfortable conservative place. So by this time next year, he will have massaged every position so that it still sounds libertarian, while still being full of conservative red meat for the base.

For the Republican voter, Rand Paul will be the ultimate candidate. He will have the official George Washington seal of approval without having to take on any of the actual ideas of the first president or any of the other founders of the nation. This is what the Tea Party is all about and they will vote for Rand Paul as long as he doesn’t keep saying things that upset their sense of American exceptionalism. It will be perfect: conservative elitism in the clothes of libertarian idealism.

A lot of people seem to think that Paul will have problems with things he’s said in the past. But as we’ve seen over and over, Paul has no problem just ignoring the past or claiming that he misspoke in the past. All politicians try to do that, of course. But the Republican base seems awfully forgiving about this. Just look at the transformation that Mitt Romney went through. The problem with Rand Paul’s father was always that he was too wedded to his ideology. The son learned not to do that from his father’s failure to inspire the Republican Party. So Rand Paul very clearly doesn’t believe in anything other than that he ought to be president. And I think that will see him through to the nomination.

Let us hope to God that he doesn’t win the general election.

 

Politics in Historical Context

Tea PartyJonathan Chait wrote an article today with a really interesting title, No, the Founders Were Not Tea Partiers. And then he went on to write a totally different article. What he’s actually writing about is how the anti-democratic structure of the Senate was not something that the framers wanted; it was something that they had to accept to pacify the smaller states who thought that the big states would walk all over them. As Alexander Hamilton said in the debate over the new Constitution, “But as States are a collection of individual men which ought we to respect most, the rights of the people composing them, or of the artificial beings resulting from the composition.”

In a general sense, Chait is pushing against the conservative idea that the country was meant to held in check by a small percentage of the population is little states who effectively have a veto on any legislation that they don’t like. He also makes the point that the fact that people like Hamilton and Madison were willing to compromise to get the Constitution ratified show how they aren’t like the all-or-nothing Republican base. This is all very true, but I think there is a more fundamental issue here.

People have a tendency to see people from the past in a modern context. But that makes no sense at all. The Magna Carta is bizarre to the modern reader. Pointing out that the king is not above the law when it come to feudal lords seems self-evident. But in 1215, it was the most liberal of documents. Similarly, in the minds of modern conservatives, the founding fathers are sealed in Amber. It is only in this way that they can claim Hamilton and Madison as their own.

But the historical context of our country’s founding was the effort to expand equality. These men where thus liberals. And by that I don’t mean “classical liberals” in the sense that libertarians like to use it. Most of them were that, but it gives the wrong impression. The important point is that “classical liberalism” was a reaction against hereditary rule. And that makes it liberal as we think of it today.

In The Reactionary Mind, Corey Robin argues that what makes a conservative—regardless of time—is their opposition to the expansion of equality. So conservatives were at best apologists for slavery. Conservatives were at best for stealing native lands, if not for full scale genocide. Conservatives were at best hostile to allowing women the right to vote. And the most notable things about modern conservatism are: easing the taxation of the rich, limiting reproductive freedom of women, and not allowing the LGBT community rights to marriage or even to jobs in some extreme cases.

So it is always galling to me to hear conservatives grab onto the founding fathers as though they are part of the same historical movement. When it latches onto the mantle of the country’s founding, modern conservatism is just trying to brush away over two centuries of progress. But the Constitution itself shows the lie of this. The preamble says “in order to form a more perfect union,” not “in order to form a perfect union.” Those men did not expect the country to ossify. It was conservatives then and now who want to stop the powerless from gaining more power: from George III to Ted Cruz. The founding fathers were liberals, and the state of the art in modern conservatism is 227 year old liberalism.

Style and Substance in The Limey

The LimeyFor the first time since it came out 15 years ago, I watched The Limey. It is a very simple story: a father comes to Los Angeles to get revenge for his daughter’s death, which he suspects was not an accident. But what is most interesting about the film is the way that Steven Soderbergh chose to structure it. And I still don’t know what I think about it, even though I do like the film.

The father is Wilson, played by Terence Stamp. And most of the scenes featuring him are exhilarating. Soderbergh and editor Sarah Flack really monkey with continuity. For example, a single conversation will seem to take place in two or even three places. This is combined with hand-held camera work as well as the occasional ostentatious single shot to amazingly good effect.

What is strange is that the scenes that involve the daughter’s boyfriend, Terry Valentine (played by Peter Fonda), are shot in an extremely classical way. If Soderbergh had not chosen to place them in gorgeous locations, I would call them boring. In fact, you see exactly that in The Fast and the Furious, where despite good acting, the police scenes just die on the screen compared to the rest of the film. But in The Limey, these scenes are just beautiful enough not to kill the film.

Ultimately, the film works because Wilson is such an interesting character. He’s an ex-con—a three time loser—who has been estranged from his daughter for a long time before her death. But he seems to be a nice a guy and he clearly does care about his daughter. And the relationships he develops with Eduardo (Luis Guzman) and Elaine (Lesley Ann Warren) are refreshingly adult—especially for a revenge picture.

It is good that the characters do work so well, because the script itself is kind of a muddle. Wilson’s motivation is to talk to and most likely kill Valentine. But after finding his address, he mostly just hangs out. He does manage to attend a party at Valentine’s house, but he doesn’t kill the man because he claims that it would have been too easy. That doesn’t make any sense except in that it allows the film to go on for another 45 minutes.

Another problem is that the denouement is nothing short of trite—far too tidy for a film as intelligent and subtle as this one. But as I said, it still works. What’s more, it is a film that affects the viewer: it stays with you. I’m going to have to revisit the film in another 15 years. The truth is that I still don’t know quite what to make of it. The Limey definitely shows what can be done with great cinematography, editing, and acting. But is it all style and no substance? I not only don’t know, I don’t know if it matters.

Mozart’s Jealousy of Salieri

Antonio SalieriOn this day in 1750, the great Classical composer Antonio Salieri was born. Although he was born in Italy, he spent almost his entire life in Vienna. He was a protege of Gluck and is generally considered Germanic in his compositional style. Historically, he is important for two things. First, he was a primary figure in turning opera into a major classical music form. Second, he was one of the most important teachers of the time, whose pupils included Beethoven, Schubert, and Liszt.

Sadly, his work still isn’t performed very much (but this is slowly changing). It is all Mozart’s fault. When he was young, Mozart wrote a number of things in letters claiming that Salieri was sabotaging his career. Many academics have taken this at face value. But I think they are confused about how Mozart thought of himself. He wasn’t the great composer from history, but a young man trying to establish his career. And he was struggling. After being a child prodigy, most people weren’t that interested in the 20-something composer.

Not long afer Salieri’s death, Alexander Pushkin wrote the short play Mozart and Salieri. It was meant to be, as Wikipedia says “a dramatic study of the sin of envy.” And others followed along with that narrative, leading eventually to Peter Shaffer’s play and movie, Amadeus. I love the film, as I discussed in, A Tale of Two Constanzes. But there is no relation between Salieri the dramatic character and Salieri the man.

In fact, these representations have the history flipped. There was jealousy early on, but it was Mozart’s jealousy of the Salieri’s success. And after Mozart became successful, he and Salieri were at worst amiable colleagues. The last reference that Mozart made to Salieri was in a letter to his wife about taking the older composer to see The Magic Flute, “He heard and saw with all his attention, and from the overture to the last choir there was not a piece that didn’t elicit a ‘Bravo!’ or ‘Bello!’ out of him.”

Because Salieri is still not widely performed, there isn’t a lot of his work available online. But here is the Amadeus Chamber Orchestra performing Piano Concerto C Major. Heeguin Kim is on piano and she is relishing the performance:

Happy birthday Antonio Salieri!

Individual Vs Collective Interests

Paul KrugmanTomorrow’s Paul Krugman column is a little unusual, Why We Fight Wars. It is based on some economics: namely that for advanced economies, wars are always a loser. It reminds me of my days in graduate school. We were looking carbon dioxide emissions throughout the 20th century. And we were all surprised that they went way down during World War II. But soon enough, we realized: even though there was a lot of war going on, the amount of commerce actually went way down. Bottom line: wars are bad for the economy.

Krugman’s interest is mainly in why we continue to fight wars when it isn’t in our national interests. Think about Hitler for a moment. He had a very strong economy and he could have kept the Rhineland and consolidated his power. It’s not like Poland was that great a prize. But as Krugman noted, wars are usually good for the leaders of countries:

And the fact is that nations almost always rally around their leaders in times of war, no matter how foolish the war or how awful the leaders. Argentina’s junta briefly became extremely popular during the Falklands war. For a time, the “war on terror” took President George W. Bush’s approval to dizzying heights, and Iraq probably won him the 2004 election. True to form, Mr. Putin’s approval ratings have soared since the Ukraine crisis began.

But I think the issue is more general, and it isn’t limited to war. It is often in the best economic interests of some part of the population to harm the economy. For example, war is very good for weapons manufacturers. In his film Fahrenheit 9/11, Michael Moore presented a nice sequence about all the money to made in the aftermath of 9/11 as well as before, during, and after the Iraq War. So even though the Iraq War cost our country at least a trillion dollars, it worked out really well for some people.

Last week, Krugman’s column was on a related issue, Inequality Is a Drag. It was about the Standard & Poor’s report, How Increasing Income Inequality Is Dampening US Economic Growth, and Possible Ways To Change the Tide. But neither the article nor the report made the obvious point about the reason we have ever rising inequality: it is great for a small group of very powerful people: the oligarchs and those who do their bidding.

The issue that we will eventually need to deal with is the power of these oligarchs. They don’t have the interests of the country in mind. And it simply isn’t true that by distorting the political system to benefit themselves they make everyone richer. It’s even possible that their own long term interests are harmed by this behavior. This kind of short term thinking without regard to its effects has led to historically low taxes on the rich, extremely high inequality, and a crumbling middle class. But at the same time, the rich seem to think that they are excessively put upon. As I wrote the other day in StarPower: the Game That Shows We’re All Doomed, over the last three decades “we have gotten a class of [rich people] who have convinced themselves, not that the game is fair, but that it is unfair—to them.”

Denying Birth Control Denies Opportunity

Michael HiltzikI remember a woman friend of mine telling me that she had a difficult time getting men to use condoms for the sake of disease prevention. But when she added the fact that they could also get her pregnant without a condom, they changed their tune. So: potentially fatal disease, no problem; potentially life-changing child commitment, no way! These men understood that dying wasn’t as bad as having their entire lives derailed with an unwanted pregnancy. I think this story explains a lot about how men think. But even more important, it highlights the fact that birth control is an issue for men almost as much as for women.

Of course, it is broader than this. Birth control is a public health concern. A woman having a baby is a very expensive and potentially deadly thing. So it was with some consternation that I read a recent article by Michael Hiltzik, New Data: How the Attack on Contraceptive Services Targets the Poor. It is based on new data from the Guttmacher Institute that found that the percentage of women who need help affording contraceptive services keeps going up: from 16.4% of all women in 2000 to 20.0% in 2012. So the need has risen by 22% over that period, “But the number of those receiving assistance from publicly funded clinics fell by 9%.”

This is what liberals mean when they talk about the conservative war on women. This is all about efforts to cut funding to Planned Parenthood. Now I understand that conservatives claim this is all about their religious beliefs, but this flies in the face of facts. The 1973 Roe v Wade decision hardly caused a ripple in the evangelical community. But soon abortion because a big deal to them for reasons that entirely political. And now that their fight against abortion is going so well, suddenly the evangelical community find that they have a major problem with hormonal birth control and the IUD. Rubbish.

It highlights the fact that the conservative concern for women’s reproductive capacity has always been about something other than the fetus or even the pre-fetus. And that is where we get to the war on women. What exactly does depriving women of the most convenient forms of birth control do other than limit their choices? The rich don’t matter, because the rich always have choices. They have the choice to move to another country. But the choices of the poor can be limited. And by limiting reproductive choice, conservatives manage to limit all the other choices of young people—not just women.

Hiltzik provided a horrifying chart for unintended pregnancy rates from 1981 through 2006. What you see is that overall unintended pregnancy is flat. But this is because non-poor (>200% of poverty) women have seen their unintended pregnancy rates go way down; in 2006, it was half its rate in 1981. The rate of the poor and very poor have been going way up.

Unintended Pregnancy Rates 1981-2006 - Alan Guttmacher Institute

Now undoubtedly, this works both ways: poor women don’t have access to birth control and women saddled with unintended pregnancies tend to see their family’s earning potential reduced. But it doesn’t matter. Both are very good reasons to allow women more access to birth control. In fact, they are reasons to greatly increase our outreach to poor women to give them more information and resources. Hiltzik explained the situation in its most simple terms:

There is no more witless public-health position than one that targets women’s reproductive health. Preventing unwanted pregnancies pays off in multiples by reducing the burden on healthcare institutions and improving women’s work and career prospects and the health of their families.

But I’m afraid the whole point of the witless conservative public-health position is to damage not just women’s but men’s work and career prospects. Conservatives have a history of doing everything they can to limit what small opportunities the poor have through the use of social policy. And that’s all that’s going on with the current conservative attacks on Planned Parenthood and access to birth control.

Mark Felt Under Deep Cover

Mark FeltOn this day in 1913, the Associate Director of the FBI Mark Felt was born. Normally, that wouldn’t mean that much. But Felt is very important because he was “Deep Throat” — the whistleblower who was the source of much information to Woodward and Bernstein in the Watergate investigation.

I talked about this to some extent last year, but it bears repeating: Felt wasn’t lily white in the matter. He most definitely had an ax to grind against the Nixon White House. There’s nothing wrong with that. That is usually the way it is with whistleblowers. But at the time, whistleblowers are always treated as though any motives they might have make their revelations invalid.

We are seeing that today with Edward Snowden. And it is shameful. If it had been revealed in the early 1970s that Felt was a major source of information, all the establishment types would have said, “He’s just pissed off that he didn’t get the FBI directorship.” Well, today it is true that Snowden is an anarchist who would love to see the national security state dismantled. What I don’t understand is how that makes his revelations any less true or important.

I was interested to see that John Kiriakou (as lily white a whistleblower as you will find) gave Snowden the advice “DO NOT, under any circumstances, cooperate with the FBI.” Regardless, whistleblowers are critically important to the functioning of a democracy. But don’t expect the establishment to ever see that in real time. Like Bob Schieffer, the establishment will always be around to look back forty years and say, “Thank you whistleblower!”

Happy birthday Mark Felt!

Joke About a Young Monk

Franciscan Monk - Pieter PaulA devout young man joined a religious order in a monastery where he took a vow of silence, under which he was allowed to say one word for each year of successful service—one word for the first year, two for the second, and so on.

At the end of his first year he came for his audience with the Father, who said, “My son, you have successfully completed one year of service. Do you have anything you would like to say?”

The young man opened his mouth, pointed to an upper left molar and said, “Hurts.”

He was sent to the clinic, his badly abscessed tooth was removed, and he returned to his duties.

At the end of the second year, the young man came for his audience and the Father said, “My son, you have successfully completed two years of service. Do you have anything you would like to say?”

The young man pointed to his shoes and said, “Too… tight.”

He was sent to the commissary and given a proper-fitting pair of shoes. His infected blisters healed and he resumed his duties.

At the end of his third year the young man came for his audience and the Father said, “My son, you have successfully complted three years of service. Do you have anything you would like to say?”

The young man said, “Want… to… quit.”

“I’m not surprised,” the Father replied. “You’ve done nothing but bitch since you came here.”

—Brian Kahn
Real Common Sense

Saint Winifred and Cadfael

Saint WinifredI’m a big fan of the Cadfael television series. It is about the 12th century Welsh monk, Brother Cadfael. He came to the church late in life after having been a soldier. So he is pretty much the only monk who knows the ways of the world. And his position at the abbey is as an herbalist. But his position in the series is as Miss Marple—an amateur sleuth who solves the murders that inevitably happen during each episode.

The other night, I watched the episode, A Morbid Taste for Bones, which is based upon the first novel. It involves Shrewsbury Abbey’s acquisition of the bones of Saint Winifred. It’s a fabulous episode because there is much about the general corruption of the church. And most other episodes make at least some reference to the bones of Saint Winifred and the fact that pilgrims come to the abbey to be healed by the saint. The only problem is that it ain’t Saint Winifred’s bones that are in that ornate box.

I won’t “spoil” the episode for you, because the plot is rather clever. But it is interesting that throughout the rest of the series, Cadfael is the only one that knows this secret. And he’s fine with it, because from his perspective, Saint Winifred’s magic or whatever doesn’t need to be constrained by distance. You also get the impression that Cadfael think it is all a bunch of hocus pocus anyway. That’s the great thing about such stories: the anachronisms. So we can all feel very good about ourselves that we don’t believe in trial by ordeal. Throw a suspected witch in a lake with a millstone around her next and if she sinks, “Witch!”

After watching the episode, it got me wondering if there really was a Saint Winifred. And not only is there, she appears to have been an actual person. If you’ve spent any time studying the saints, you will quickly find that a lot of them are nothing more than folklore. And it is getting kind of pathetic as more recent saint candidates like Pope John Paul II and Mother Teresa have what can only be termed “coincidences” in place of “miracles.”

Saint Winifred was probably a Welsh nun who lived in the 7th century. And according to legend, when she was young and nubile, a man by the name of Caradoc wanted to marry her. But when she told him that she was going to be a nun, he raped her and cut off her head, because nothing says “Can we still be friends?” like a good decapitation. Her head rolled down hill and where it stopped St Winifred’s Well sprung up—kind of the Welsh equivalent of the Fountain of Youth. After the incident, he uncle, Saint Beuno put her head back on her body and she came back to life. And there are other stories like her pilgrimage to Rome.

The only actual writing about her occurred four hundred years later. In it, there is much said about a scar on her neck. Now that could mean that the basic story is correct, but she was only wounded an survived. Or it could be that since the writers took it as a given that she had been decapitated, they figured she would of course have a scar. You can imagine a Welsh man seeing the decapitation and thinking, “Oh, that’s gonna leave a scar!” Although you would think that if God could heal a decapitation, he could manage to do it without a scar.

Regardless, I thought it was pretty interesting that Edith Pargeter introduced this historical character into her novels. But it apparently isn’t the only one. The two abbots were actual people, as was the corrupt and power-hungry Prior Robert. None of this is a reason to watch the series or read the books. Mostly it is all interesting because the Cadfael character is so great. But the historical setting adds a great deal to the enjoyment.